24 hours of a sort

13.7 Bya

13.2 Bya

4.6 Bya

3.8 Bya

3.5 Bya

2.5 Bya

2 Bya

1.2 Bya

630 mya

542 mya

500 mya

270 mya

250 mya

230 mya

200 mya

175 mya

65 mya

50 mya

45 mya

40 mya

6 mya

3.2 mya

2.6 mya

2 mya

1.2 mya

Snowball earth 

Cambrian explosion: wide variety of animals burst onto the evolutionary scene 

First land animals 

Pangea 

Permian–Triassic extinction event: 9 in 10 marine species and 7 in 10 land species vanish 

Dinosaurs evolve (Note: Dinosaurs existed for over 100 million years) 

Mammals evolve 

Pangea breaks apart 

Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction 

Primates 

Australia breaks off from Antarctica 

India smashes into Eurasia and causes Himalayas 

Walking upright 

Lucy lives  

Homo genus appears and dawn of technology 

Humans spread from Africa to Eurasia. Evolution of different human species (s)

Homo erectus evolve

800,000 ya

200,000 ya

80,000 ya

70,000 ya

60,000 ya

50,000 ya

35,000 ya

18,000 ya

15,000 ya

12,000 ya

10,000 ya

Cooking and controlled fire 

Homo Sapiens (anatomically modern humans) 

Homo Sapiens migrated out of africa and clothing appears 

Cognitive Revolution - “the point where history declared its independence from biology.” - 41 Prior to this, “Biology sets the basic parameters for the behavior and capacity for [humans].” (Harari 43) Sapiens split significantly from other human species, who do not develop this cognitive capacity. “It is [no longer] enough to comprehend the interaction of genes, hormones and organisms. It is necessary to take into account the interaction of ideas, images (myths) and fantasies as well.” (Harari 42) 

Cave drawings 

Behavioral modernity -- Abstract thinking abilities + 1) swift expansion of knowledge;  2) preserve the knowledge gained over generations;  3) build on past knowledge to gain even deeper insight    (Kurzgesagt - What Happened Before History, 2016)
Homo sapiens reach Australia 

Musical instruments 

Pottery first used 

Homo Sapiens settle Americas 

Agricultural revolution / End of ice age / humans colonize all ice free areas

Neolithic revolution: development of agriculture

Rise of civilization: central government, complex economy and social structure, sophisticated language and writing systems, and distinct cultures and religions (Mesopotamia; Egypt/Nile 3,000; Indus Valley (India/Pakistan 2,500; Chinese 2200) 

Pyramids of Giza are built 

Epic of Gilgamesh

Judaism 

Abram (BOJ)

Hammurabi unites Mesopotamia under the rule of Babylon

Biblical Moses

Ancient Israelites 

King David (YOT, L1 2:20) 

J author - Genesis, Exodus, Numbers1

Rome founded 

Northern Kingdom destroyed by Assyrians YOT L1 

Babylonians conquer Southern Kingdom (Judea) - people sent into exile YOT L1 

Athenian democracy is created and Buddhism is born in India (T&Q)

Plato Born 

Septuagint (YOT, L1 33:45) 

Apocrypha writings begin

Last book of Hebrew Bible written (YOT, L1 30:00)

Roman conquest of Judea  

Julius Caesar assassinated

33

0-100

100-150

100-200

300s

306

321

325

354-430

367

410

451

610

1054

1095

1225

1279

1291

1325

1350s

Christianity born - It is nearly 1500 years before books become available, and not even to the general public because most remain illiterate (meaning they must rely on interpretation and relaying of written information from others)

Fleshing out the relationship between Judaism and Christianity; Apocrypha writings end

End of New Testament writings

Church Persecution, Christianity practiced in secrecy

Church has state support and serious theological discussion are of public interest

Reign of Constantine begins (ends 337 CE)

Constantine declared Sunday public holiday

Council of Nicea 

Augustine of Hippo helps develop theology as an academic discipline 

“Athanasius identifies 27 canonical books of the NT as we now know it” (12)

Sack of Rome 

Council of Chalcedon

Islam is born 

East - West Schism

Crusades begin

Aquinas born5 

The Mongol Empire reaches its maximum extent 

Crusades end

Tenochtitlan founded (250,000 people, one of the largest cities in the world) (Lepore 8) 

Black plague, nearly half of European population dies

c.1400

1450s

1450

1453

1469

1475

1482

1492

1493

1497

Zheng He explores coast of Asia and eastern Africa. China is the worlds richest country (Lepore 11)

Portuguese begin trading Africans as slaves (Lepore 18)

Mechanical moveable type (Gutenberg) 

Hundred Years War ends between England and France
Fall of Constantinople to Ottomans - Spain/Portugal will seek new trade routes

The first printing press reaches Venice - "In the first 50 years after printing came to Europe, over 20 million volumes of books were printed." + The western legal tradition is born + The Bible starts to be distributed (s)

First book printed in English

Columbus serves as sailor on Portuguese slave-trading ships (Lepore 12) (Where were they going?)

75 million people in the Americas, 3 million people in Haiti, 60 million people in Europe (Lepore 7, 9)

Colombus returns to Spain: “A Spanish-born pope granted all of the lands … 300 hundred miles west of Cape Verde to Spain and what lay east of that, western Africa, to Portugal” (Lepore 15)

Italian explorer John Cabot is commissioned by the English as first European to explore N. American coast (s)

1500s

1504

1507

1513

1517

1519

1530s

1534

1540

1540

1543

1550

1565

1584

1587

Apocrypha canonized by the Catholic Church (YOT, L1 37:00)

King of Spain assembled group of scholars and lawyers to provide him with guidance about whether the conquest “was in agreement with human and divine law” - Did the natives possess dominion and sovereignty? (Lepore 20)

“America” first appeared as the name of an undefined land mass on a map of the world created by German cartographer Martin Waldseemuller (Lepore 14)

The Requerimiento is established out of 1511 protests of Spanish crimes by priests. Conquistadors would be required to read aloud to anyone they proposed to conquer and enslave … a history of the world, from creation to conquest, a story of origins as justification for violence (Lepore 22) - Spanish conquistadors first set foot on the North American mainland - in a matter of decades, New Spain spanned no only all of what became Mexico, but also more than half of what became the continental US … from Florida to California and as far north as Virginia and Canada on the Pacific. (Lepore 20) 

Martin Luther 95 Theses

Cortes invades and destroys Tenochtitlan in Mexico (Lepore 22)
First microscope 

Henry VIII establishes Church of England, breaking with Catholic Church

French make first voyages to Americas 

Only 500 hundred native people left on Haiti (Lepore 7) Spanish reach ‘New Mexico’ (Lepore 23)

Brevisima Relacion de la Destruccion de las Indias is written, chronicling the atrocities of the Spanish - in English it is entitled “Spanish Cruelties or The Tears of the Indians” (Lepore 24, 25)

Copernicus' formulation of the heliocentric system is published in 'De revolutionibus orbium coelestium' 

Spanish king calls Las Casas and holds another meeting to decide if conquests are unlawful and unjust, to no outcome (Lepore 25) 

St. Augustine established 

Queen Elizabeth first considers sending men to the Americas (Lepore 25)

Roanoke

1606

1607

1619

1620

1621

1627

1630s

1636

1638

1640s

1641

1642

1651

1655

1660

1675

1680

1682

1687

1689

1690

1692

Virginia colony - “Unlike the Spanish, who set out to conquer, the English were determined to settle, which is why they at first traded with Powhatan, instead of warring with him . . . but [James] also urged them to convert the natives to Christianity” (Lepore 33)

Santa Fe colony established by the Spanish (Lepore 25)
-
Virginia colony established by the British, where tobacco is first produced. “England’s empire would have a different character than that of either Spain or France. Catholics could make converts by the act of baptism, but Protestants were supposed to teach converts to read the Bible; that meant permanent settlements, families, communities, schools and churches. (Lepore 33, 36) 

First slaves are brought by the English on the White Lion to Virginia (Lepore 38) 

Mayflower lands in Plymouth, fleeing King James - “The battle between the king and Parliament would send tens of thousands more exiles” (Lepore 39)  

Edward Coke argues from the Magna Carta (calling it Englands “ancient constitution”) that kings must obey the law of the land, setting the foundation for a new political perspective (Lepore 40, 41) (see below for more info)

Barbados settled by the English (Lepore 50)

From 1630-40, around 20,000 dissenters fled England and settled in New England - for ex. Maryland as haven for Catholics (Lepore 43, 44) Maryland (1634) Connecticut, Rhode Island (36) New Hampshire (39)

Harvard is founded as school to educate English and Indian youth (Lepore 45)

First African slaves arrive to New England on the Desire (Lepore 45) 

English settlers begin planting sugar in Barbados - nearly half of colonial New Englander’s wealth would come from sugar grown by West Indian slaves (Lepore 45, 46)

Body of Liberties to provide legal support for trading Indians for Africans “lawful captives and strangers” (Lepore 48)

War between supporters of the [English] king and backers of Parliament broke out. The legal fiction of the divine right of kings was replaced by another legal fiction - the sovereignty of the people by wars end in 1651 (Lepore 48)

Thomas Hobbes serves on the board of the Virginia Colony and publishes the Leviathan, arguing that people should obey the law of governments so long as the rulers were making life well for the people - known as Social Contract Theory but also should obey to avoid chaos as the state of nature is a state of war - his argument for why people form governments and his arguments against Native American sovereignty  - considered father of political philosophy (Lepore 37)

Roger Williams (founder of Rhode Island) writes letter in defense of freedom of religion - “both papists and protestants, Jews and Turks may be embarked in one ship. [None should] be forced to come to the ships prayers of worship nor compelled from their own particular prayers or worship if they practice any. [Lepore 50] 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1660
Restoration of the English monarchy, with the king pledging “no man shall be called in question for differences in opinion in matter of religion” (Lepore 50) 

Algonquin uprising by Metacom/King Philip - more than half of the English town in New England destroyed or abandoned. Metacom was shot, drawn, quartered and beheaded with his head placed on a pike for over a decade (Lepore 56 + CCUSH 3, 

Spanish driven out of Sante Fe by Native Americans 

William Penn calls Pennsylvania his “holy experiment” and creates constitution with popularly elected general assembly (Lepore 51)

Newton formulates the laws of motion in 'Principia Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalis' 

Locke, like Hobbes, attempts to explain how governments come to exist (Lepore 53) He publishes his “Two Treatises of Government”, arguing for a new political system where “all men are born into a state of equality, wherein all the power and jurisdiction is reciprocal, no one having more than another, … [each] equal to the greatest and subject to no body … men created civil society, government for the sake of order, and the protection of their property. (Lepore 34,53) “In the beginning, all the world was America - arguing for a new political genesis” (Lepore 30) He uses this as justification for - “the Indians, having no property, have no Government … and should be given to the use of the Industrious and Rational as Indians have not joined with the rest of mankind. (Lepore 54)
And despite arguing for equality he writes in Carolina Constitution “Every Freeman of Carolina shall have absolute power and authority over his Negro slaves” (Lepore 55)

First newspaper in British America (Lepore 59) Unlicensed (not reviewed by gov before being published) newspapers begin are used as ways to spread word of rebellions, criticize government, and clergy (Lepore 60)

Salem witch trials - 19 convicted (see Mercy Short - Lepore 57)

1720

1729

1733

1735

1736

1739

1740

1741

1760

1775

1776

1783

1787

1789

1790

1797

1799

Cato’s Letters published by English authors arguing for freedom of speech and freedom of the press - later published by B. Franklin (Lepore 60)

Franklin begins own newspaper arguing for freedom of the press (Lepore 61)

90 African slaves seize control of St. Johns for 6 months (Lepore 57)
In New York, 1 in 5 people is an African slave 

Newspaper printer Zenger arrested for libel by British gov of New York (Cosby), acquitted by jury and dispute of authority is more and more cemented - “if a Governor misbehave himself they may depose him and set up another” (Lepore 62, 63)

Antigua rebellion plot (Lepore 57)

First Maroon War ends in Jamaica with a treaty under with the British agreed to acknowledge five Maroon towns and granted Cudjoe and his followers their freedom and more than 1500 acres of land (Lepore 58) 100+ black men rise up killing 20 whites in Stono Rebellion in SC. The rebels hoped to get to Spanish Florida where they had been promised freedom (Lepore 58)

Act for the Better Ordering and Governing Negros passes in SC - the law makes it a crime to teach a slave to write (Lepore 59) 

“Bonfires of the Negros” - Conspiracy of “negro rebellions” are running rampant throughout the city, and executions for political dissent in NY are carried out by the same court that acquitted Zenger in 1735: 13 burned at the stake, 17 hanged (Lepore 63, 64) 

Industrial Revolution

Revolutionary War begins

Declaration of Independence / Articles of Confederation
Thomas Paine writes Common Sense, arguing for independence from GB

Revolutionary War ends with

Constitutional convention from May to September

Constitution becomes law 

Ben Franklin dies

Adams presidency

Washington dies

18-?

1800

1801

1804

1807

1809

1812

1816

1817

1820

1821

1825

1826

1829

1830

1837

1841

1843

1845

1848

1850

1859

1865

1869

1878

1886

Russia invades Persia

First electric battery 

Jefferson presidency 

Lewis and Clark expedition (until 1806) Alexander Hamilton shot and killed by Aaron Burr *

Slave trade act 

Madison presidency begins

War of 1812  

Bussa’s rebellion in Barbados (s)

Monroe presidency begins

Missouri Compromise - Missouri admitted as slave state, Maine as free

Mexico wins independence from Spain

JQ Adams presidency

Adams and Jefferson both die on July 4 

Jackson presidency 
Omnibus created in London (4 July)  (“a horse-drawn carriage that picked up and deposited people along  an established route) (source)

First railway track open for commercial transport of passengers and freight (s)
Jackson creates Indian Removal Act *

Van Buren presidency *

Tyler presidency - argues for annexation of Texas (Lepore 234-235) *

Kierkegaard publishes Fear and Trembling 

Frederick Douglass publishes autobiography & travels to Ireland
Andrew Jackson dies *

Communist Manifesto published

Beginning of Modernist art in Europe with Realist movement (source)

Theory of Evolution 

Electromagnetism 

Periodic Table 

Ottoman empire rules over land now known as Palestine, population is 87% Muslim, 10% Christian, 3% Jewish - Arabic is the common language; in Jerusalem, the religious population is mostly equally split between the 3 (s)

Modern car patent

1903

1905

1907

1908

1914

1918

1919

1920

1923

1924

1932

1933

1938

1939

1940

1941

1945

1948

1949

1952

1953

1957

1961

1966

1967

1969

1970s

1979

1980s

1980

1981

1988

1989

1990

The Wright brothers make their first flight

Einstein proposes the special theory of relativity in 'On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies' 

British invade Iran (s)

Vienna, a “global city”, 6th largest city in the world 

World War I begins 

Influenza pandemic 

Bauhaus school is created
World War I ends

Ottoman Empire collapses

Republic of Turkey is created 

James Baldwin born

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia first recognized; born out of al-Saud tribe (s)

Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany 
Bauhaus school ends, Susan Sontag born

Oil reserves discovered in S.A.; “money helps build infrastructure around the country + helps forge alliance with the US (s)

WWII begins 

Winston Churchill becomes Prime Minister of UK 

British + Russians invade Iran again (s)

Atomic Age 

NHS created in Britain
Korean peninsula divided  

Simone de Beauvoir publishes The Second Sex

Turkey joins NATO alliance (s)

US stages coup to remove popular Prime Minister Mohammed Mosaddegh; Reza Shah becomes Monarch, aggressively reforms Iran into a secularized, westernized country + Savak secret police (s)

Space Age begins with Sputnik 1 

James Baldwin goes to Turkey

1st Kwanzaa celebration 

Six Day War (s)

Moon landing 

Iran and SA have oil based economies + US backed governments (s)

Iran’s muslims feel stifled by Shah’s reformations, Muslim clergyman Ayatollah Khomeini (who preached against secular monarchies) helps overthrow regime. Khomeini becomes Supreme Leader of Iran. SA fearful revolution will spark other revolutions in the region(s) 

US gov report details Iranian gov helping Shia groups in Iraq, Afghanistan, SA and other Gulf States like Bahrain and Kuwait overthrow their governments (s)

Iraq via Saddam Hussein, invades Iran with goal of stopping revolution and annexing oil reserves (s)

In response to perceived threat of Iran, SA creates GCC to boost alliance with US and other Gulf monarchies (s)

Iran-Iraq war ends with nearly 1 million killed; Iranians blame SA for the war, escalating their feud (s)
Halabja chemical attacks, led by Saddam Hussein kill 3-5 thousand Kurdish people (s)

Internet

Cold War end
Gulf War - Iraq defaults on loans from Kuwait used in war with Iran; Kuwait is caught exporting oil over OPEC allowance

2002

2003

2004

2005

2011

2015

2016

Erodğan becomes Prime Minister of Turkey after founding AK Party in 2001

US invades Iraq and overthrows Saddam Hussein. “Neither SA or Iran wanted this to happen, since Iran had been acting as a buffer between them. And problems arise when the US struggles to replace Saddam, creating a security vacuum” (s)

Susan Sontag dies
Erdogan tries to revive peace deal over Northern Cyprus in order to join EU (s)
Kurdish militia group YPG created in Syria and an offshoot of PKK (s)
France offers public chance to veto Turkish EU member accession (s)

Masoud Barzani becomes President of Iraqi Kurdistan (s) 

Arab Spring - anti-monarchy, anti-democracy protests 

Iran nuclear deal US allies with Kurdish SDF to fight ISIS (s) 

Turkish military coup against Erdoğan fails